A709 Gr.36 Preheat for GMAW — over 2-1/2"

GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)

GMAW (MIG) feeds continuous solid wire with shielding gas — an inherently low-hydrogen process assigned to Category B in Table 5.11.

ER70S-6 wire at 0.035" or 0.045" diameter handles most structural work on common grades. Spray transfer at 250-350 amps provides high deposition for shop fillet welds. For thinner material under 1/4", short-circuit transfer at lower parameters reduces heat input. Gas flow rates of 35-45 CFH through a standard nozzle provide adequate shielding in typical shop environments without excessive turbulence.

GMAW Tips for Common Structural Steels

For A709 Grade 36 bridge steel (36 ksi yield, CVN per AASHTO temperature zone), GMAW spray transfer at 210–280 A with 0.035" or 0.045" ER70S-6 handles floor beam, stiffener, and bracing fillet welds. The mandatory CVN testing distinguishes A709 Gr.36 from plain A36 — verify that ER70S-6 lot certifications show CVN test results meeting the zone requirement.

Typical values for reference — always verify against your approved WPS and electrode manufacturer data.

Why GMAW for A709 Gr.36 at over 2-1/2"

Why GMAW for A709 Gr.36 at over 2-1/2"? GMAW delivers 8-12 lb/hr deposition — compared to <a href="/welding/preheat-calculator/a709-36/saw/over-2-1-2-inch/">SAW</a> at 15-40 lb/hr. Position capability: all positions (not GMAW-S). Suitability: primarily shop.

A709 Gr.36

ASTM A709 Grade 36 is the bridge-specific equivalent of A36, used exclusively for highway bridge construction under AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. With 36 ksi minimum yield, 58-80 ksi tensile, and mandatory Charpy V-notch testing requirements based on AASHTO temperature zone (Zone 1: 70°F, Zone 2: 40°F, Zone 3: 10°F test temperatures), it qualifies for both Category A and Category B preheat in Table 5.11. Chemistry matches A36 (0.26% max carbon) but the CVN requirements add a fracture resistance guarantee absent from plain A36. A709 Gr.36 is primarily used for secondary bridge members — lateral bracing, floor beam stiffeners, diaphragm plates, and bearing components — where Gr.50 strength is not needed but bridge-code CVN compliance is required.

Why This Preheat for A709 Gr.36 with GMAW

Bridge-specific 36 ksi grade with CVN testing for highway construction. With low-hydrogen GMAW, this combination falls under Category B rather than Category A — the continuous solid wire and gas shielding in GMAW produce inherently low hydrogen levels, typically 2-4 mL/100g. The 225°F minimum preheat is lower than what non-low-hydrogen SMAW would require at the same thickness because GMAW significantly reduces the driving force for hydrogen-induced cracking in the heat-affected zone.

Typical Applications for A709 Gr.36

Specified exclusively for highway bridge deck plate, floor beams, lateral bracing, secondary framing, bridge railing posts, abutment bearing stiffeners, and diaphragm plates. A709 Gr.36 requires CVN testing per AASHTO zone classification, distinguishing it from plain A36 by guaranteeing fracture resistance at the bridge’s design service temperature. Transverse stiffener fillet welds and floor beam web-to-flange joints are high-frequency fabrication details in bridge shops. The fracture-critical designation on certain bridge members imposes additional NDT requirements (UT in lieu of RT for CJP welds) and welder qualification testing beyond standard D1.5 provisions. Temperature zones (1 through 3) determine the CVN test temperature for the Charpy specimens: Zone 1 at 70°F for moderate climates, Zone 2 at 40°F for cold climates, and Zone 3 at 10°F for severe cold. Mill certifications must show CVN results meeting the specified zone before plate release to the bridge fabricator.

Why Preheat Matters at over 2-1/2"

The heaviest sections demand the highest preheat in Table 5.11. Multi-pass sequences require maintaining interpass temperature throughout.

Other Steels with GMAW at over 2-1/2"

A709 Gr.36 with GMAW

Try Different Combinations

Use the interactive preheat calculator to look up any steel, process, and thickness combination from D1.1:2025 Table 5.11.

A709 Gr.36 Welding Guides