ASME BPVC IX · QW-250 Series · Procedure Qualification

ASME IX Essential Variables by Saldatura Process

ASME Section IX defines three categories of welding variables: essential, supplementary essential, and nonessential. Essential variables — if changed beyond the qualified range — require a new Verbale di Qualifica della Procedura di Saldatura (PQR). Supplementary essential variables become additional essential variables when impact Prova is required by the construction Codice.

Key distinction: AWS D1.1 uses a single list of essential variables in Tabella 6.6 that applies across all processes. ASME IX assigns different variable classifications per Processo di Saldatura — a variable that is essential for SMAW (QW-253) may be nonessential for GTAW (QW-256). Always check the correct QW-250 table for your specific process.

The Three Variable Categories

API 1104 references on this page are to the 2021 edition; Addendum 1 (published 2026-09-03) is not incorporated.

ASME IX Article IV (QW-400 series) defines all welding data variables. The QW-250 series tables then classify each variable as essential, supplementary essential, or nonessential for each welding process. Understanding this classification is fundamental to managing procedure qualifications efficiently.

Essential variables (QW-251.2) are parameters that, if changed beyond the range qualified by the PQR, require re-qualification with a new test coupon. Examples include Metallo Base P-number, Metallo d'Apporto F-number, welding process, and Spessore range. These apply to every procedure regardless of the application.

Supplementary essential variables (QW-251.3) are parameters that become essential only when the referencing construction code requires impact testing. When impact testing is not required, these variables are treated as nonessential. This dual classification is unique to ASME IX — neither D1.1 nor API 1104 has an equivalent concept.

Nonessential variables (QW-251.4) can be changed in the WPS without re-qualification. The WPS must still document them, but changing them does not invalidate the PQR. Examples include joint design changes, stringer-to-weave bead changes, and Elettrodo diameter changes within a group.

Essential Variable Tables by Process

Select a welding process to view its variable classifications per the QW-250 series. Each table shows the most important variables that fabricators encounter during procedure qualification. The complete tables are in ASME BPVC IX Article IV.

SMAW — QW-253
CategoryParagraphBrief of VariablesEssentialSupp. EssentialNonessential
JointsQW-402.1Groove design change——✓
JointsQW-402.4Deletion of backing——✓
JointsQW-402.10Root spacing change——✓
Base MetalsQW-403.5Group Number change—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.8Thickness qualified change✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.9Pass > 1/2 in. (13 mm)✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.11P-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.4F-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.5A-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.12Classification change—✓—
Filler MetalsQW-404.30Weld deposit thickness change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.33Classification within SFA spec——✓
PreheatQW-406.1Decrease > 100°F (55°C)✓——
PreheatQW-406.2Preheat maintenance change——✓
PreheatQW-406.3Increase > 100°F interpass—✓—
PWHTQW-407.1PWHT change✓——
PWHTQW-407.2PWHT time and Temperatura range change—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.1Heat input increase—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.4Current or polarity change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.8I&E range change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.30Current or polarity change—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.1String/weave change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.5Method of cleaning change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.6Method of back gouge change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.9Multi to single pass per side——✓
TechniqueQW-410.25Manual or automatic change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.26Peening——✓
TechniqueQW-410.64Use of thermal processes✓——
TechniqueQW-410.87Multi to single pass per side—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.92Bead width—✓—
SAW — QW-254
CategoryParagraphBrief of VariablesEssentialSupp. EssentialNonessential
JointsQW-402.1Groove design change——✓
JointsQW-402.4Deletion of backing——✓
JointsQW-402.10Root spacing change——✓
Base MetalsQW-403.5Group Number change—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.6T Limiti (toughness)—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.8Thickness qualified change✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.9Pass > 1/2 in. (13 mm)✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.11P-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.4F-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.5A-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.6Diameter change——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.9Flux-wire classification change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.10Alloy flux change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.24Supplemental filler change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.27Alloy elements change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.29Flux designation change——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.30Weld deposit thickness change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.33Classification within SFA spec——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.34Flux type change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.35Flux-wire classification—✓✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.36Recrushed slag addition✓——
PreheatQW-406.1Decrease > 100°F (55°C)✓——
PreheatQW-406.2Preheat maintenance change——✓
PreheatQW-406.3Increase > 100°F interpass—✓—
PWHTQW-407.1PWHT change✓——
PWHTQW-407.2PWHT time and temperature range change—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.1Heat input increase—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.4Current or polarity change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.8I&E range change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.30Current or polarity change—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.1String/weave change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.5Method of cleaning change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.6Method of back gouge change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.7Oscillation change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.8Tube-work distance change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.9Multi to single pass per side——✓
TechniqueQW-410.10Single to multi electrodes—✓✓
TechniqueQW-410.15Electrode spacing change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.25Manual or automatic change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.26Peening——✓
TechniqueQW-410.64Use of thermal processes✓——
TechniqueQW-410.87Multi to single pass per side—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.92Bead width—✓—
GMAW / FCAW — QW-255
CategoryParagraphBrief of VariablesEssentialSupp. EssentialNonessential
JointsQW-402.1Groove design change——✓
JointsQW-402.4Deletion of backing——✓
JointsQW-402.10Root spacing change——✓
Base MetalsQW-403.5Group Number change—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.6T Limits (toughness)—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.8Thickness qualified change✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.9Pass > 1/2 in. (13 mm)✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.11P-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.4F-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.5A-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.6Diameter change——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.12Classification change—✓—
Filler MetalsQW-404.23Filler metal product form change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.24Supplemental filler change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.27Alloy elements change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.30Weld deposit thickness change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.33Classification within SFA spec——✓
PreheatQW-406.1Decrease > 100°F (55°C)✓——
PreheatQW-406.2Preheat maintenance change——✓
PreheatQW-406.3Increase > 100°F interpass—✓—
PWHTQW-407.1PWHT change✓——
PWHTQW-407.2PWHT time and temperature range change—✓—
GasQW-408.1Addition or deletion of trailing gas——✓
GasQW-408.2Single, mixture, or percentage change✓——
GasQW-408.3Flow rate change——✓
GasQW-408.5Backing flow change——✓
GasQW-408.9Deletion of backing gas✓——
GasQW-408.10Deletion of trailing gas✓——
ElectricalQW-409.1Heat input increase—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.4Current or polarity change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.8I&E range change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.30Current or polarity change—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.32Transfer mode change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.1String/weave change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.3Orifice, cup, or nozzle size——✓
TechniqueQW-410.5Method of cleaning change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.6Method of back gouge change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.7Oscillation change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.8Tube-work distance change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.9Multi to single pass per side——✓
TechniqueQW-410.25Manual or automatic change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.26Peening——✓
TechniqueQW-410.64Use of thermal processes✓——
TechniqueQW-410.87Multi to single pass per side—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.92Bead width—✓—
GTAW — QW-256
CategoryParagraphBrief of VariablesEssentialSupp. EssentialNonessential
JointsQW-402.1Groove design change——✓
JointsQW-402.5Addition of backing——✓
JointsQW-402.10Root spacing change——✓
Base MetalsQW-403.5Group Number change—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.6T Limits (toughness)—✓—
Base MetalsQW-403.8Thickness qualified change✓——
Base MetalsQW-403.11P-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.3Size change——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.4F-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.5A-Number change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.12Classification change—✓—
Filler MetalsQW-404.14Addition or deletion of filler metal✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.22Addition or deletion of insert——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.23Filler metal product form change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.30Weld deposit thickness change✓——
Filler MetalsQW-404.33Classification within SFA spec——✓
Filler MetalsQW-404.50Flux addition or deletion——✓
PreheatQW-406.1Decrease > 100°F (55°C)✓——
PreheatQW-406.3Increase > 100°F interpass—✓—
PWHTQW-407.1PWHT change✓——
PWHTQW-407.2PWHT time and temperature range change—✓—
GasQW-408.1Addition or deletion of trailing gas——✓
GasQW-408.2Single, mixture, or percentage change✓——
GasQW-408.3Flow rate change——✓
GasQW-408.5Backing flow change——✓
GasQW-408.9Deletion of backing gas✓——
GasQW-408.10Deletion of trailing gas✓——
ElectricalQW-409.1Heat input increase—✓—
ElectricalQW-409.3Pulsing current change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.4Current or polarity change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.8I&E range change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.12Tungsten electrode change——✓
ElectricalQW-409.30Current or polarity change—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.1String/weave change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.3Orifice, cup, or nozzle size——✓
TechniqueQW-410.5Method of cleaning change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.6Method of back gouge change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.7Oscillation change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.9Multi to single pass per side——✓
TechniqueQW-410.10Single to multi electrodes—✓✓
TechniqueQW-410.25Manual or automatic change——✓
TechniqueQW-410.26Peening——✓
TechniqueQW-410.64Use of thermal processes✓——
TechniqueQW-410.87Multi to single pass per side—✓—
TechniqueQW-410.92Bead width—✓—

Key Differences Between Processes

Sebbene molte variabili abbiano la stessa classificazione nei quattro processi di saldatura, alcune differenze importanti determinano come i fabbricanti gestiscono le qualifiche delle procedure:

Variabili del flusso SAW: Il SAW introduce tre variabili del materiale d’apporto assenti negli altri processi: classificazione flusso-filo (QW-404.9), tipo di flusso (QW-404.34) e scoria rifrantumata (QW-404.36). Sono tutte essenziali. Il cambio di marca del flusso (QW-404.35) è essenziale supplementare. Ciò riflette il ruolo del flusso nella composizione chimica del metallo saldato SAW.

Modo di trasferimento e gas GMAW/FCAW: La tabella QW-255 classifica il modo di trasferimento (QW-409.32) come variabile non essenziale della WPS. La WPS deve indicare almeno un modo fra cortocircuito, globulare, spray e spray pulsato. Il cambio del modo di trasferimento (QW-409.2) è una variabile essenziale del saldatore nella tabella QW-355. La composizione del gas di protezione (QW-408.2) è essenziale sia per GMAW sia per GTAW. Il limite di spessore del metallo saldato in cortocircuito (QW-404.32) è una variabile di prestazione del saldatore elencata nella tabella QW-355 ma assente dalla tabella QW-255; non è quindi una variabile essenziale della WPS. Se nel provino GMAW a bassa tensione e cortocircuito si depositano meno di 1/2 in. (13 mm), il saldatore è qualificato fino a 1.1 volte lo spessore depositato nella prova. Lo spessore del metallo saldato depositato per la procedura è regolato da QW-404.30 e il campo di spessore del metallo base da QW-403.8, entrambi con i limiti di QW-451.

Corrente e polarità GTAW: Nella tabella QW-256, il cambio di corrente o polarità (QW-409.4) non è essenziale per GTAW, come per SMAW e SAW. Anche gli inserti consumabili (QW-404.22) non sono essenziali. L’aggiunta o eliminazione del materiale d’apporto (QW-404.14) è essenziale. Il tipo di corrente (AC o DC) e la polarità (DCEN o DCEP) sono trattati separatamente come essenziali supplementari quando è richiesta la prova di tenacità, fatte salve le eccezioni P-No. riportate sotto.

Per GTAW, la tabella QW-256 classifica anche QW-409.30 come essenziale supplementare quando il codice, la norma o la specifica di riferimento richiede prove di tenacità. Comprende i passaggi tra AC e DC o tra DCEN e DCEP in entrambe le direzioni, ma non si applica a una WPS qualificata per metalli base dei P-Nos. 8, da 21 a 26 e da 41 a 49.

Apporto termico: L’aumento dell’apporto termico (QW-409.1) è essenziale supplementare per SMAW, SAW, GMAW/FCAW e GTAW secondo le tabelle da QW-253 a QW-256. Diventa pienamente essenziale solo quando il codice di costruzione di riferimento richiede prove d’impatto o tenacità.

Practical Implications for Fabricators

Understanding variable classifications directly impacts how many PQRs a shop must maintain. A fabricator working with SMAW on P-Number 1 carbon steels may need only a handful of PQRs to cover their typical work. The same shop adding SAW capability must also qualify the specific flux-wire combination, since changing flux type or adding recrushed slag requires a new PQR.

For shops performing impact-tested work (low-temperature vessels, cryogenic piping), the supplementary essential variables become the controlling factor. Heat input, Temperatura Interpass, and PWHT parameters that would normally be freely adjustable now lock the PQR to a specific range. A fabricator building ASME Section VIII vessels for both ambient and low-temperature service often maintains separate PQR sets for impact-tested and non-impact-tested applications.

"The most expensive essential variable change in a typical pressure vessel shop is not a P-number change — it is discovering at the last minute that the construction code requires impact testing, which retroactively promotes every supplementary essential variable to essential status and may invalidate existing PQRs that were qualified without impact test coupons."

— Field observation, pressure vessel fabrication practice

CWI Exam Tip: The CWI exam frequently tests the concept of supplementary essential variables. The key phrase to remember: supplementary essential variables become essential only when impact testing is required by the referencing construction code. ASME IX itself does not require impact testing — the construction code (Section VIII, B31.3, etc.) makes that determination. If you see a question about when re-qualification is required, check whether impact testing is specified before evaluating supplementary essential variables.

Related Standards Guides

Frequently Asked Questions

Essential variables are welding parameters that, if changed beyond the qualified range, always require a new procedure qualification record (PQR) regardless of the application. Supplementary essential variables only become essential when the referencing construction code requires impact (toughness) testing — for example, when ASME Section VIII Division 1 invokes UCS-66 for low-temperature service. When impact testing is not required, supplementary essential variables are treated as nonessential and can be changed without re-qualification. This dual classification is unique to ASME IX and does not exist in AWS D1.1 or API 1104.

When an essential variable is changed beyond the range established by the original PQR, the existing procedure qualification is no longer valid for the new conditions. The fabricator must either qualify a new procedure by welding and testing a new test coupon under the revised parameters, or reference a different existing PQR that covers the new variable range. There is no provision in ASME IX to extend or amend an existing PQR — it documents a single test event. Common essential variable changes that trigger re-qualification include changing the base metal P-number, changing the filler metal F-number, and exceeding the qualified thickness range.

Supplementary essential variables become essential when the referencing construction code requires impact testing (Charpy V-notch toughness testing) on the procedure qualification test coupon. This is determined by the construction code, not by Section IX itself. For example, ASME Section VIII Division 1 requires impact testing per UCS-66 for vessels in low-temperature service, and B31.3 requires it for certain process piping applications. When impact testing is required, variables such as heat input increase, preheat decrease, and PWHT changes become essential and require re-qualification if changed.

Yes. A single PQR establishes a qualification range based on the actual test conditions and results. Any WPS whose essential variable ranges fall within the qualification range of that PQR can reference it. For example, a PQR qualified with SMAW using E7018 (F-Number 4) on P-Number 1 material at 1 inch thickness in the 3G position establishes ranges that could support WPSs covering multiple thicknesses, positions (1G, 2G, 3G), and joint configurations. Conversely, a single WPS can reference multiple PQRs if the combined qualification ranges cover all the essential variables specified.

Base metal thickness range (QW-403.8) is the most frequently encountered essential variable change in fabrication. When production work requires welding material thicker than what the original PQR test coupon covered, the fabricator needs a new PQR at the greater thickness. ASME IX generally qualifies a thickness range from the test coupon thickness down to some minimum, and up to 2T (twice the test coupon thickness) for test coupons under 3/4 inch. P-number changes and filler metal F-number changes are also common triggers, particularly in shops that work across carbon steel and stainless steel applications.